I’m constantly having issues with hairpins wanting to attach to beat one of the following bar. I know how to make them display otherwise, and have set it as the default. However, it causes issues where when I attempt to add bars, the hairpins behave very strangely. They extend far beyond the added bars, sometimes they create new ones (see alto 2 in screenshot), sometimes they go to the next available note in that instrument, sometimes farther. See screenshots.
Is there a way to actually not have hairpins map across barlines to notes that don’t exist? If not, is there a way to add bars without this happening?
There is an Engraving Option for hairpins not to cross barlines.
You can set them to not visually cross the barline, but they are still ‘mapped’ to the following bar, creating the issue spelled out above.
The Engraving Option that Ben mentions only affects how the hairpin is displayed. Under the hood their endpoint is still attached to the “1” of the next bar, and although they theoretically represent the same moment in time, the barline happens before the “1” and so, the end attachment point of the hairpin moves over.
Then there’s Dorico being overly helpful by automatically linking dynamics together if you create them at the same rhythmic positions, so if one moves, they all move. The headaches that that caused me weren’t worth the time saved, luckily you can turn that off under Preferences>Note Input and Editing:

Lastly, it appears as if it created an extra buggy hairpin in the Alto 2 part but what might be happening is that you had two hairpins there to begin with, one of which having some messed up endpoints while still being linked to the others and showing as normal. That occasionally happens when a linked group of dynamics from another staff interferes with dynamics that are already there. It’s hard to see in the first screenshot but the rendering artefacts from the overlap may be making it look ever so slightly thicker:
These three aspects combined might be enough to explain the mess in the second picture, but we’d need a project file for a proper diagnosis. Besides unlinking the dynamics, the most low-tech solution would be to set the rhythmic grid to a small value (1/16 or 1/32), select the dynamic endpoint and shorten the hairpin by that value using the keyboard shortcut. That way it falls strictly before the barline without looking noticeably different.
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That is a great call, I bet I could macro switching the grid, pulling the hairpin back, and re-switching the grid. Do you happen to have the shortcut for moving a hairpin end back one grid-subdivision handy?
For me it’s Opt-Shift-Cmd-Leftarrow, but I don’t remember if that’s a default or not. But in any case it’s called Shorten Duration by Grid Value in the list of key commands. I see now that you could even create a dedicated shortcut to always shorten by 1/16 or 1/32, if you find yourself doing this a lot.
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The factory default appears to be Alt/Opt+Shift+LeftArrow